Abstract
Objective of the Study: The study aimed to translate and validate the Burden Scale for Family Caregivers Short version (BSFC-s) into Urdu.
Methodology: The current study was conducted in four phases. The first phase included forward and backward translation. In the second phase, language equivalence was tested on 50 bilingual participants. In the third phase, reliability analysis through Cronbach's alpha, split-half reliability, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were done on a sample of 300 participants. Lastly, convergent validity was assessed using a Family questionnaire on 300 caregivers.
Results & Conclusions: The Cronbach's alpha was significantly high (r =.91), exploratory factor analysis indicated a one-factor solution with high loading values, and the confirmatory factor analysis model showed an accurate fit. Moreover, the correlation between the BSFC-s Urdu and Family questionnaires was significantly positive, showing convergent validity. The BSFC-s Urdu showed sound psychometric properties and emerged as a reliable and valid tool for measuring caregiver burden.
Keywords: caregiver burden, convergent validity, confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis
References
Zarit SH, Todd PA, Zarit JM. Subjective Burden of Husbands and Wives as Caregivers: A Longitudinal Study. The Gerontologist. 1986 Jun 1;26(3):260–6.
Yiengprugsawan VS. Perceived Caregiver Burden Scale. In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. 2024;5061-5063. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Pearlin LI, Mullan JT, Semple SJ, Skaff MM. Caregiving and the Stress Process: An Overview of Concepts and Their Measures. The Gerontologist. 1990 Oct 1;30(5):583–94.
Aung TNN, Aung MN, Moolphate S, Koyanagi Y, Supakankunti S, Yuasa M. Caregiver Burden and Associated Factors for the Respite Care Needs among the Family Caregivers of Community Dwelling Senior Citizens in Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021 May 30;18(11):5873.
Wang Y, Li J, Ding L, Feng Y, Tang X, Sun L, et al. The effect of socioeconomic status on informal caregiving for parents among adult married females: evidence from China. BMC Geriatrics. 2021 Mar 6;21(1).
Bekdemir A, Ilhan N. Predictors of Caregiver Burden in Caregivers of Bedridden Patients. Journal of Nursing Research. 2019 Jun;27(3):e24.
Unsar S, Erol O, Ozdemir O. Caregiving burden, depression, and anxiety in family caregivers of patients with cancer. European Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2021 Feb;50:101882.
Badger T, Segrin C, Crane T, Morrill K, Sikorskii A. Social determinants of health, psychological distress, and caregiver burden among informal cancer caregivers of cancer survivors during treatment. Journal of psychosocial oncology. 2023 Aug 23;1–18.
Van den Kieboom R, Snaphaan L, Mark R, Bongers I. The trajectory of caregiver burden and risk factors in dementia progression: A systematic review. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 2020;77(3):1107-1115. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2006479
Broxson J, Feliciano L. Understanding the impacts of caregiver stress. Professional Case Management. 2020 Jul;25(4):213–9.
Ravyts SG, Dzierzewski JM. Sleep Disturbance, Mental Health Symptoms, and Quality of Life: A Structural Equation Model Assessing Aspects of Caregiver Burden. Clinical Gerontologist. 2020 Jun 28;1–10.
Li Q, Zhang H, Zhang M, Li T, Ma W, An C, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anxiety, Depression, and Sleep Problems Among Caregivers of People Living With Neurocognitive Disorders During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2021 Jan 8;11.
Guterman EL, Allen IE, Josephson SA, Merrilees JJ, Dulaney S, Chiong W, et al. Association Between Caregiver Depression and Emergency Department Use Among Patients With Dementia. JAMA Neurology. 2019 Oct 1;76(10):1166.
Tsang S, Royse C, Terkawi A. Guidelines for developing, translating, and validating a questionnaire in perioperative and pain medicine. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia [Internet]. 2017;11(5):80. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5463570
Borsa JC, Damásio BF, Bandeira DR. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of psychological instruments: some considerations. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2021 Apr 10];22(53):423–32. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0103-863X2012000300014&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en
Graessel E, Berth H, Lichte T, Grau H. Subjective caregiver burden: validity of the 10-item short version of the Burden Scale for Family Caregivers BSFC-s. BMC Geriatrics. 2014 Feb 20;14(1).
Wiedemann G, Rayki O, Feinstein E, Hahlweg K. The Family Questionnaire: Development and validation of a new self-report scale for assessing expressed emotion. Psychiatry Research. 2002 Apr;109(3):265–79.
Bollen KA, J. Scott Long. Testing Structural Equation Models. SAGE; 1993.
Zarifa, A. (2024). The importance of cultural context and nuances in translation of fiction. Лучшие интеллектуальные исследования, 13(3), 94-99.
Raharjanti NW, Wiguna T, Purwadianto A, Soemantri D, Indriatmi W, Poerwandari EK, Mahajudin MS, Nugrahadi NR, Roekman AE, Saroso OJDA, Ramadianto AS, Levania MK. Translation, validity and reliability of decision style scale in a forensic psychiatric setting in Indonesia. Heliyon. 2022;8(7).
Clark LA, Watson D. Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Methodological issues and strategies in clinical research (4th ed). 2016;187–203.
Peral-Gómez P, López-Roig S, Pastor-Mira MÁ, Abad-Navarro E, Valera-Gran D, Håkansson C, et al. Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Occupational Balance Questionnaire: An Instrument for Occupation-Based Research. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021 Jul 14;18(14):7506.
Pallant J. SPSS Survival Manual: a Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using IBM SPSS A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using IBM SPSS. 7th ed. London Koganpage Ann Arbour, Michigan Proquest; 2020.
Mubashir AS, Kainaat R, Rashid A. Association of Stress, Anxiety, Depression and Caregiving Burden among Caregiver of Adults with Substance Use Disorders (SUDs). Social Science Review Archives. 2025;3(1):2883-2889.
Sajjad M, Khan AA, Tayyab M. Prevalence of Psychological Distress Among Families of the Individuals with Drug Addiction. Pakistan Journal of Social Research. 2022;4(2):859-864.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Nursing and Allied Health