Abstract
Objective: To evaluate Frequency of Astigmatic Anisometropia among all types of refractive error with retinoscopic findings, in patients presented in Eye OPD of Holy Family Hospital.
Study design: It is a Descriptive Cross-Sectional study design.
Place and duration of study: The study was conducted in in Eye OPD of Holy Family Hospital from August 15, 2018 to January 15, 2019.
Material and Methods: 60 patients were studied for research purpose. Ophthalmic examination included history taking, slit lamp biomicroscopy, vision and refraction and fundoscopy. Pupillary reflex and orthoptic assessment were performed for the investigation of strabismus. Refractive error in adults was evaluated subjectively whereas in children cycloplegic drugs (e.g. cyclopentolate 1%) were instilled three times in both eyes of the subject with 10 minute interval to produce cycloplegia (paralysis of accommodation) and further assessment was done using an autorefractometer and retinoscope. SPSS version 22 was used to enter and analyze data.
Results: 13 (21%) out of the 60 patients were presented with aniso-astigmatism of < 1D, 25 (41%) with 1D and 22(46%) with aniso-astigmatism >1D. Greater frequency was found in males (51%) than females (49%).With the rule astigmatism was more commonly observed in preteenagers between the age 9-13 years (19; 38%). The prevalence of myopic astigmatism was higher (29; 48%) compared to hyperopic (17; 28%) and mixed astigmatism (14; 23%). 1D was found to be the most prevalent and noticeable level of astigmatism in the sample.
Conclusion: Different genders and age subgroups have different levels of aniso-astigmatism. Findings from this investigation also show that amblyopia may result from aniso-astigmatism refractive faults.
Keywords: Astigmatism, anisometropia, refractive errors,retinoscopy, visual acuity
References
Dobson V, Miller JM, Clifford-Donaldson CE, Harvey EM. Associations between anisometropia, amblyopia, and reduced stereoacuity in a school-aged population with a high prevalence of astigmatism. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2008 Oct 1;49(10):4427-36.
PÄrssinen O. Anisometropia and changes in anisometropia in school myopia. Optometry and vision science: official publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1990 Apr;67(4):256-9.
Porter J, Guirao A, Cox IG, Williams DR. Monochromatic aberrations of the human eye in a large population. JOSA A. 2001 Aug 1;18(8):1793-803.
Grosvenor T, Grosvenor TP. Primary care optometry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2007.
Kaimbo DK. Astigmatism–definition, etiology, classification, diagnosis and non-surgical treatment. InAstigmatism-Optics, Physiology and Management 2012. InTech.
Askovitz SI. The circle of least confusion on Sturm's conoid of astigmatism. AMA archives of ophthalmology. 1956 Nov 1;56(5):691-7.
Grosvenor T. Etiology of astigmatism. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1978; 55: 214–218
Clementi M, Angi M, Forabosco P, Di Gianantonio E, Tenconi R. Inheritance of astigmatism: evidence for a major autosomal dominant locus. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 1998 Sep 1;63(3):825-30.
Cosar CB, Rapuano CJ, Cohen EJ, Laibson PR. Chalazion as a cause of decreased vision after LASIK. Cornea. 2001 Nov 1;20(8):890-2.
Robb RM. Refractive errors associated with hemangiomas of the eyelids and orbit in infancy. American journal of ophthalmology. 1977 Jan 1;83(1):52-8.
Cregg M, Woodhouse JM, Stewart RE, Pakeman VH, Bromham NR, Gunter HL, Trojanowska L, Parker M, Fraser WI. Development of refractive error and strabismus in children with Down syndrome. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2003 Mar 1;44(3):1023-30.
Wang FM, Millman AL, Sidoti PA, Goldberg RB. Ocular findings in Treacher Collins syndrome. American journal of ophthalmology. 1990 Sep 1;110(3):280-6.
Elkington AR, Frank HJ, Greaney MJ. Clinical optics. Wiley-blackwell; 1999 Aug 25.
Kaimbo DK. Astigmatism–definition, etiology, classification, diagnosis and non-surgical treatment. InAstigmatism-Optics, Physiology and Management 2012. InTech.
Abbasi S, Imtiaz A, Shah AR, Zamir Q. Frequency of amount and axis of astigmatism in subjects of Rawalpindi, Pakistan. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2013 Nov 1;63(11):1370-3.
Dobson V, Harvey EM, Miller JM, Clifford-Donaldson CE. Anisometropia prevalence in a highly astigmatic school-aged population. Optometry and vision science: official publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 2008 Jul;85(7):512.
Huynh SC, Wang XY, Ip J, Robaei D, Kifley A, Rose KA, Mitchell P. Prevalence and associations of anisometropia and aniso-astigmatism in a population based sample of 6 year old children. British journal of ophthalmology. 2006 May 1;90(5):597-601.
Fan DS, Rao SK, Cheung EY, Islam M, Chew S, Lam DS. Astigmatism in Chinese preschool children: prevalence, change, and effect on refractive development. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004 Jul 1;88(7):938-41.
Linke SJ, Richard G, Katz T. Prevalence and associations of anisometropia with spherical ametropia, cylindrical power, age, and sex in refractive surgery candidates. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2011 Sep 1;52(10):7538-47.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Sehrish Akram, Muhammad Rizwan Khan, Saba Ghalib, Duaa waseem, Hadia Iqbal, Shafaq kainat