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Abstract
Introduction: Breast cancer is a leading cause of female mortality globally, with Pakistani women facing a 1 in 9 lifetime risk. Early detection through Breast Self-Examination (BSE) can improve outcomes; however, awareness and practice remain low. This study assessed knowledge, beliefs, and practices regarding BSE among women in Rawalpindi using the Champion’s Health Belief Model (CHBM).
Objectives: To evaluate BSE awareness, beliefs, and practices in Rawalpindi’s general female population and identify associated factors.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to May 2025 among 313 women aged 18 and above, excluding medical professionals or those with diagnosed breast disease. Data were collected using a structured CHBM-based questionnaire and analyzed via SPSS version 26. Chi-square and binary logistic regression determined associations.
Results: While 69.6% of participants were aware of BSE, only 39.3% had practiced it. Education level (p = 0.003) and socioeconomic status (p = 0.009) were significantly associated with BSE practice; higher education and socioeconomic levels correlated with increased practice. Age and family history of breast cancer showed no significant association. Primary information sources were media (31.6%) and medical professionals (14.7%). Despite acknowledging BSE’s role in early detection, barriers such as forgetfulness, embarrassment, and lack of privacy were commonly cited.
Conclusion: Although BSE awareness is relatively high, actual practice is limited. Targeted educational interventions should address psychological and practical barriers to improve screening behaviors and empower women through increased self-efficacy.
Keywords: Breast Self-Examination, Early detection, Health Belief